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Nor did this imply only the native welfare of the papacy, the great order and peace of the Patrimony of Peter. Though not all are found in any one narrative, there is no good motive for doubting their normal accuracy. But are they the stuff of fantasy? Kleinclausz (l'Empire Carolingien, and so on., Paris, 1902, 441 sqq.) denies the authenticity of the well-known letter (871) of Emperor Louis II to the Greek Emperor Basil (in which the former recognizes fully the papal origin of his own imperial dignity), and attributes it to Anastasius Bibliotheca in 879. His arguments are weak; the authenticity is admitted by Gregorovius and O. Harnack. Peter and Paul, the pope approached him, placed upon his head the imperial crown, did him formal reverence after the historical method, saluted him as Emperor and Augustus and anointed him, whereas the Romans present burst out with the acclamation, thrice repeated: "To Carolus Augustus crowned by God, mighty and pacific emperor, be life and victory" (Carolo, piisimo Augusto a Deo coronato, magno et pacificio Imperatori, vita et victoria). Despite the earlier goodwill and assist of the papacy, the Emperor of Constantinople, reputable heir of the imperial title (he still referred to as himself Roman Emperor, and his capital was formally New Rome) had lengthy proved incapable of preserving his authority in the Italian peninsula.

However, the occasion of Christmas Day, 800, was long resented at Constantinople, usd gold price where ultimately the successor of Charles was often called "Emperor", or "Emperor of the Franks", however by no means "Roman Emperor". However, there appears no purpose to doubt that for some time previous the elevation of Charles had been discussed, each at dwelling and at Rome, particularly in view of two details: the scandalous situation of the imperial government at Constantinople, and the acknowledged grandeur and solidity of the Carolingian home. It may be noted here that the chroniclers of the ninth century treat as "restitution" to St. Peter the various cessions and grants of cities and territory made at this interval by the Carolingian rulers within the bounds of the Patrimony of Peter. Suffice it to add here that whereas the imperial consecration made him in concept, what he was already actually, the principal ruler of the West, and impropriated, because it have been, in the Carolingian line the majesty of ancient Rome, it also lifted Charles at once to the dignity of supreme temporal protector of Western Christendom and specifically of its head, the Roman Church.

Baluze, I, 247, 341, 345); also that after the ceremony he made very wealthy gifts to the Basilica of St. Peter, and that on the same day the pope anointed (as King of the Franks) the youthful Charles, son of the emperor and at that time most likely destined to succeed in the imperial dignity. Leo was sent back to Rome escorted by royal missi; the insurgents, completely frightened and unable to persuade Charles of the pope's iniquity, surrendered, and the missi despatched Paschalis and Campulus, nephews of Adrian I and ringleaders against Pope Leo, to the king, to be dealt with at the royal pleasure. Charles, it is true, after his imperial consecration exercised practically at Rome his authority as Patricius, or protector of the Roman Church. This (the Duchy of Rome and the Exarchate) he significantly omitted from the partition of the Frankish State made at the Diet of Thionville, in 806. It's to be famous that on this public division of his estate he made no provision for the imperial title, additionally that he dedicated to all three sons "the defence and protection of the Roman Church".

In any case, because the Donation of Pepin (752) the pope was formally sovereign of the duchy of Rome and the Exarchate; hence, aside from its impact on his shadowy claim to the sovereignty of all Italy, the Byzantine ruler had nothing to lose by the elevation of Charles. This choice produced a domino effect. In actuality this Roman patriciate, each below Pepin and Charles, was no more than a high protectorship of the civil sovereignty of the pope, whose native independence, gold price each before and after the coronation of Charles, is traditionally certain, even other than the aforesaid imperial charters. It's sure that Charles constantly attributed his imperial dignity to an act of God, made recognized of course by way of the company of the Vicar of Christ (divino nutu coronatus, a Deo coronatus, in "Capitularia", ed. Charles obtained the Vicar of Christ with all due reverence. Long earlier than this occasion Pope Adrian I had conferred (774) on Charles his father's dignity of Patricius Romanus, which implied primarily the safety of the Roman Church in all its rights and privileges, above all within the temporal authority which it had gradually acquired (notably in the previous Byzantine Duchy of Rome and the Exarchate of Ravenna) by just titles within the course of the 2 preceding centuries.
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