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Within the course of the seventeenth century it was taken over by many Dutch provinces and cities - and likewise by East Frisia - nevertheless it was more and more poorly applied, so that circulation was severely restricted in 1693; However , the good items that were still in circulation had been only demonetized in 1846. From 1680 it was changed by the guilder at 20 stuivers. Von Humboldt also stated that the typical earnings in that interval was four times the European revenue and likewise that the cities of latest Spain were richer than many European cities. Humboldt also printed a comparative evaluation of bread and meat consumption in New Spain compared to other cities in Europe such as Paris. From an opposing point of view in keeping with the "backwardness" mentioned above the naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt traveled extensively all through the Spanish Americas, exploring and describing it for the primary time from a modern scientific viewpoint between 1799 and gold price (sites.google.com) 1804. In his work Political essay on the kingdom of new Spain containing researches relative to the geography of Mexico he says that the Amerindians of recent Spain were wealthier than any Russian or German peasant in Europe.

Two upheavals registered unease within Spanish America and at the same time demonstrated the renewed resiliency of the reformed system: the Tupac Amaru uprising in Peru in 1780 and the rebellion of the comuneros of new Granada, each in part reactions to tighter, extra environment friendly management. Spain claimed all of North America within the Age of Discovery, however claims were not translated into occupation till a major resource was found and Spanish settlement and crown rule put in place. Centralization of power (beginning with the Nueva Planta decrees towards the realms of the Crown of Aragon) was to be for the benefit of the crown and the metropole and for the defense of its empire against foreign incursions. The crown program to enact reforms that promoted administrative management and efficiency within the metropole to the detriment of pursuits within the colonies, undermined creole elites' loyalty to the crown. The program aimed to end poverty and racial inequality.

Following the warfare, the brand new Bourbon monarchy took a much more cautious approach to international relations, counting on a household alliance with Bourbon France, and continuing to comply with a program of institutional renewal. This legacy of neglect was mirrored in the early years of Bourbon rule through which the navy was sick-advisedly pitched into battle in the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718-20). Spain was defeated in Italy by an alliance of Britain, France, Savoy, and Austria. The Battle of Annual (1921) through the Rif War was a major navy defeat suffered by the Spanish military against Moroccan insurgents. Scores of insurgents have been killed but because of Seibert's and Hecht's management, the Germans suffered no casualties. On three August, 12,000 extra civilians had been killed in one other city section. Not less than 100,000 Aztecs died throughout the siege, while a hundred Spaniards and as much as 30,000 of their Indigenous allies have been killed or died from illness. Cuba did not expertise its first severe independence movement until the late 1860s. The first War for Independence was fought from 1868 to 1878, resulting in between 100,000 and 150,000 Cuban deaths. This action sparked resistance from the Spanish people, resulting in the Peninsular War.

The formal allegiance of Ceuta to Spain was recognized by the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668), and Oran and Mers El Kébir remained Spanish territories in Africa. By the top of the seventeenth century, solely Melilla, Alhucemas, سعر الذهب في كندا Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (which had been taken again in 1564), and Ceuta (part of the Portuguese Empire since 1415, selected to retain their links to Spain once the Iberian Union ended. The end of Cádiz's monopoly of trade with the American colonies brought about very important changes, notably a rebirth of Spanish manufactures. The Nootka Crisis (1789-1791) almost brought Spain and Britain to warfare. Spain and Great Britain agreed to not set up settlements and allowed free access to Nootka Sound on the west coast of what is now Vancouver Island. Great Britain was also expanding into areas that Spain claimed as its territory on the Pacific coast. Taking steps to shore up its fragile claims to California, Spain began planning California missions in 1769. Spain additionally started a series of voyages to the Pacific Northwest, where Russia and Great Britain have been encroaching on claimed territory. Spain's victory within the Battle of Cartagena de Indias against a British expedition in the Caribbean port of Cartagena de Indias helped Spain safe its dominance of its possessions in the Americas until the nineteenth century.
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